Historical note
The Inner City Teachers of Science (ICTOS) Program was initiated in 1970 by faculty members from the Departments of Chemistry, Biology, Education and Physics at Brown University, along with members of the Providence, Rhode Island, school system. Their discussions of problems in the education of high school teachers of science led to the development of the interdisciplinary program ICTOS. The four-year course of study for the development of teacher-scholars in the sciences was designed by Professor Herman Eschenbacher in the Department of Education and Professor Walter Massey in the Department of Physics.